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Various Branches of Science

Oleri Culture- Cultivation of Vegetable Yielding Plants. Arbori Culture- Cultivation of Ornamental Plants. Silvi Culture- Cultivation of Timber Yielding Trees. Agrostology- Study of All Types of Grasses. Pomology- Study of  Fruits and Fruit Yielding Plants. Dendrochronology- Science of Determining the Age of the Plant by Counting the Number of Annual Rings.  Dendrology- It is the study of All Kinds of Trees. Limnology- Study of Organisms Present in Rivers and Fresh Water Lakes. Acariology- Study of Ticks and Mites. Araneology- Study of Spiders. Actinobiology- Study of Effects of Radiation. Batracology- Study of Frog. Chondrology- Study of Cartilage. Conchology- Study of Molluscan Shells. Etiology- Study of Causes of Death. Gerontology- Study of Aging. Malacology- Study of Molluscs. Myremecology- Study of Ants. Nidology- Study of Formation of Bird's Nests. Angiology- Study of Blood Vessels. Desmology- Study of Anatomy of Ligaments.
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Hypothesis/Concept Theory

Cell Theory- Schleiden &Schwann Cell Lineage Theory- Virchow Protoplasm Theory- Schitze & Hertwig Apical Cell Theory- Hofmeister Histogen Theory- Hanstein Tunica Carpus Theory- Schmidt Humus Theory- Aristotle Criteria of Essentiality of Elements- Arnor & Stout Ion Exchange Theory- Jenny & Overstreet Donnan Equilibrium- F.G.Donnan Carrier Concept- Vanden Honert Ringing Experiment/Girdling- Malphigi & Stephen Hales Concept of Water Potential- Slatyer & Tayler Root Pressure Theory- Stephen Hales Pulsatory Theory- J.C.Bose Capillary Theory- Boehm Imbibition Theory- Unger Cohesion-Tension Theory- Dixon & Jolly Vital Theories- Godlewski Starch- sugar Hypothesis- Lloyd Lock & Key Theory- Emil Fisher Induced Fit Theory- Koshland Chemiosmotic Theory- Mitchell C3 Pathway- Calvin & Benson C4 Pathway- Hatch & Slack EMP Pathway- Embdem Mayerhoff & Parnas Krebs Cycle- Sir Hans Krebs Law of Limiting Fact...
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Few Important Biology Questions

Connecting Links Bacteria and Fungi- Actinomycetes Bryophytes and Pteridophytes- Club Moss Algae and Bryophytes- Fritschiella tuberosa Plants and Animals- Euglena Gymnosperm and Angiosperm- Gnetum Protista and Fungi- Myxomycetes Viruses and Bacteria- Rickettsia Living and Non Living- Viruses Annelids and Arthropods- Peripatus Annelids and Molluscs- Neoplina Fish and Amphibians- Lung Fish Amphibians and Reptiles- Seymouria Reptiles and Birds- Archaeopteryx Reptiles and Mammals- Prototheria Most Primitive Alga- Blue green algae Fungus- Synchytrium endobioticum Bryophyte-  Sphaerocarpus Pteridophyte- Psilotum Gymnosperm- Cycas Angiosperm- Magnolia Skeletal Muscles Extensor- Erects or extends the organ. Eg: Triceps Flexor- Bends a part upon other. Eg: Biceps Abductor- Takes away a part from the main axis of a body. Eg: Deltoid Adductor- Takes nearer a part to the main axis of a body. Eg: Latissimus dorsi Elevator- Elevates a part. Eg: Maseter Depressor- D...
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Few Important Questions for CSIR and GATE

Father of Biology- Aristotle Father of Botany- Theophrastus Father of Zoology- Aristotle Father of Modern Botany- Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy- Linnaeus Founders of Plant Histology and Anatomy- Grew & Malphigi Father of Cytology- Robert Hooke Father of Modern Cytology- Swanson Father of Genetics- Mendel Father of Modern Genetics- Morgan Father of Plant Breeding- Thomas Fair Child Father of Paleobotany- Adolph Brongniart Father of Evolution- Darwin Father of Plant Physiology- Stephen Hales Father of Algology- Kleps, Fritsch Father of Mycology- Micheli Father of Modern Mycology- de Bary Father of Bacteriology- Leeuwenhoek Father of Medical Bacteriology- Koch Father of Modern Bacteriology- Louis Pasteur Father of Microbiology- Louis Pasteur Father of Plant Pathology- de Bary Father of Mutation Breeding- Muller & Stadler Father of Plant Embryology- Wolff Father of Palynology- Erdtmann Father of Tissue Culture- Haberlandt Father of Enzymology- Buchner Fath...
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Books and Authors- Important for Competitive Exams like GATE

Author                                          Book Theophrastus                                  Historia Plantarum, Enquiry into Plants. Caspar Bauhin                                A Prodromous Theatri Botanica Linnaeus                                         Systema Nature, Species Plantarum, Philosophia Botanica de Candolle                                    Origin of Cultivated Plants, Prodromus Systematics Naturalis                            ...
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RNA and Types

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Most proteins are enzymes that catalyze the myriad of chemical reactions in cells that are necessary for life; other proteins form structural functions as in bone and muscle. The information for making proteins resides in the sequence of bases in DNA in chromosomes and in organelles such as mitochondria. Converting the information contained in genes into proteins involves two complex processes. Transcription is the first step in which the sequence of bases in a gene is converted into a complementary sequence of bases in a molecule of RNA. Three chemically identical but functionally quite different molecules of RNA are transcribed from DNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information contained in a gene; transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are also transcribed from genes but are used to convert the information in the sequence of bases in mRNA into the corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. Structure of RNA: RNA is a single-stranded polynucleotide co...
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DNA Mutation

Mutation means any change in the base sequence of DNA. The most common change is a substitution, addition, rearrangement, or deletion of one or more bases. A mutation need not give rise to a mutant phenotype.  A mutagen is a physical agent or chemical reagent that causes mutations. For example, nitrous acid reacts with some DNA bases, changing their chemistry and hydrogen bonding properties, and is a mutagen.  Mutagenesis is the process of producing a mutation. If it occurs in nature without the action of a known mutagen, it is called spontaneous mutagenesis and the resulting mutations are spontaneous mutations. If a mutagen is used, the process is called induced mutagenesis. Types of Mutations: Mutations can be categorized in several ways. One system is based on the nature of the change, specifically on the number of bases changed. Thus, we distinguish a point mutation, in which a single base pair is changed from a multiple mutation, in which two or more base pai...
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